Osprey numbers appear to have declined starting in the early 1900s, probably due in large part to indiscriminate shooting (Kenyon 1947, Kiff 1980). By the 1930s, ospreys were seldom seen on Santa Catalina Island (Willett 1933, as cited in Kiff 1980).

Although individual osprey are occasionally reported on Santa Catalina Island, no osprey pairs are known to occur and no nests have been found on Santa Catalina Island since the early 1900s.

Introductions are usually only necessary when existing nesting populations are 300 km or more from historical nesting ranges, making the likelihood of natural re-establishment low (Henny and Anthony 1989). Currently, the closest osprey nesting populations are at the southern end of the Sierra range (Henny and Anthony 1989) and in Baja California (Friedman et al. 1950). Both of these nesting populations are >300 km from Santa Catalina Island. Additionally, although the number of pairs of breeding osprey have increased at the southern edge of their range in California, the breeding range has not extended farther south (Henny and Anthony 1989). These factors suggested that it was improbable that ospreys would naturally re-establish themselves on Santa Catalina Island.

During July 2000, IWS personnel removed 4 ospreys between the age of 5 and 6 weeks from wild nests at Eagle Lake, California. These birds were transported to Santa Catalina Island and placed in a release tower at Thompson Reservoir. The hacking technique has been used successfully to introduce ospreys in other areas (e.g., Hammer and Hatcher 1983, Schaadt and Rymon 1983, Martell et al. 1994), and IWS has been using the technique for over 20 years to reintroduce bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) to Santa Catalina Island.

The ospreys remained in the hack tower for about 3 weeks until they were ready to fly. Prior to releasing the birds we equipped each one with U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service leg bands and a backpack-mounted radio transmitter to allow us to monitor their movements. All four osprey fledged from the hack tower. Unfortunately, one succumbed to an unknown illness several days after it started flying. However, the remaining 3 osprey remained healthy and one was seen catching fish less than 2 weeks after it learned to fly.

It is unknown whether ospreys introduced to Santa Catalina Island will be year-round residents or migrants. Ospreys in Baja California are year-round residents (Judge 1983, Peterson 1990), and it is possible that the breeding populations of osprey in California that are nearest to Santa Catalina Island do not migrate long distances (Henny and Anthony 1989). If the ospreys brought to the island for release were from a migratory population, we would expect them to return to Santa Catalina Island or the surrounding area in 2 to 3 years (Zarn 1974). In addition to adding new ospreys to Santa Catalina Island, there is also the possibility that birds released on Santa Catalina Island will repopulate other of the Channel Islands. Furthermore, our releases have the potential to attract other ospreys to the area, as apparently occurred in Minnesota (Martell et al. 1994).

Ospreys in other regions have been negatively impacted by organochlorine pollution, particularly DDE (Wiemeyer et al. 1988). As a result of remnant DDT/DDE pollution off the mainland coast of California (Chartrand et al. 1985, Garcelon et al. 1989), bald eagles on Santa Catalina Island are currently unable to hatch their own eggs successfully (Sharpe and Garcelon 1999). However, bald eagles acquire the bulk of their contamination from the tissues of seabirds and marine mammals (Garcelon et al. 1989).

Because ospreys feed almost exclusively on fish, which have low levels of DDE contamination around Santa Catalina Island (Garcelon et al. 1989), we believe that osprey would be able to successfully breed on Santa Catalina Island and the surrounding Channel Islands.

The release in 2000 was used to test the effectiveness of our techniques for releasing osprey on Santa Catalina Island. Because of our successful release, we plan to expand the project to release more osprey over the next few years. The more birds that are released as part of the reintroduction effort, the greater the chances for long-term success of the program.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: We thank the Santa Catalina Island Conservancy for assisting with the hack tower construction and for allowing us to conduct the release program on their property. We give special thanks to the the Eagle Lake Ranger District, of the U.S. Forest Service for allowing us to remove the young osprey and for their assistance in accessing the nests.

Literature Cited

• Chartrand, A. B., S. Moy, A. N. Safford, T. Yoshimura, and L. A. Schinazi. 1985. Ocean dumping under Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Board permit: a review of past practices, potential adverse impacts, and recommendations for future actions. Calif. Reg. Water Quality Control Board, Los Angeles Region, March 1985. 47pp.

• Friedman, H., H. Griscom, and R. Moore. 1950. Distributional checklist of the birds of Mexico, Pt. 1. Cooper Ornithol. Soc., Berkeley, CA.

• Garcelon, D. K., R. W. Risebrough, W. M. Jarman, A. B. Chartrand, and E. E. Littrell. 1989. Accumulation of DDE by bald eagles Haliaeetus leucocephalus reintroduced to Santa Catalina Island in Southern California. Pages 491-494 in B.-U. Meyburg and R. Chancellor (eds.). Raptors in the modern world. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin, London & Paris.

• Hammer, D. A, and R. M. Hatcher. 1983. Restoring osprey populations by hacking preflighted young. Pages 293-297 in D. M. Bird, N. R. Seymour, and J. M. Gerrard (eds.), Biology and management of bald eagles and ospreys. Harpell Press, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec.

• Henny, C. J., and R. G. Anthony. 1989. Bald eagle and osprey. Pages 66-82 in B. G. Pendleton (ed.). Proceedings of the Western Raptor Management Symposium and Workshop. National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D.C.

• Judge, D. S. 1983. Productivity of ospreys in the Gulf of California. Wilson Bull. 95:243-255.

• Kenyon, K. W. 1947. Breeding populations of the osprey in lower California. Condor 49:152-158.

• Kiff, L. F. 1980. Historical changes in resident populations of California islands raptors. Pages 651-673 in D. M. Power (ed.), The California islands: Proceedings of a multidisciplinary symposium. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Santa Barbara, CA.

• Linton, C. B. 1908. Notes from San Clemente Island. Condor 10:82-86.

• Martell, M. S., H. B. Tordoff, and P. T. Redig. 1994. The introduction of three native raptors into the Midwestern United States. Pages 465-470 in B.-U Meyburg and D. Chancellor (eds.), Raptor conservation today : proceedings of the IV World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin, Germany, 10-17 May 1992. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, Pica Press, Shipman, VA.

• Peterson, R. T. 1990. A field guide to western birds, 3rd Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, NY.

• Schaadt, C. P., and L. M. Rymon. 1983. The restoration of ospreys by hacking. Pages 299-305 in D. M. Bird, N. R. Seymour, and J. M Gerrard (eds.), Biology and management of bald eagles and ospreys. Harpell Press, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec.

• Sharpe, P. B., and D. K. Garcelon. 1999. Restoration and management of bald eagles on Santa Catalina Island, California, 1998. Contract report submitted to the Damage Assessment Branch, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office. 30pp.

• Wiemeyer, S. N., C. M. Bunck, and A. J. Krynitsky. 1988. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury in osprey eggs 1970-79 and their relationships to shell thinning and productivity. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17:767-787.

• Zarn, M. 1974. Habitat management series for unique or endangered species: osprey Pandion haliaetus carolinensis. U.S. Dept. Interior, Bur. Land Manage. Technical Note No. 12.